A butt-welded equal cross is a type of pipe fitting used to connect four pipes of the same diameter at right angles, forming a cross or "plus" shape. It has one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa), all of equal size, and is used in piping systems where the flow needs to be split or combined in four directions. The term "butt-welded" means that the fitting is welded to the pipes end-to-end, creating a strong, permanent, and leak-proof joint. These fittings are commonly used in high-pressure and high-temperature applications such as oil and gas, power plants, chemical processing, and water distribution systems. Butt-welded equal crosses are typically manufactured in accordance with standards like ASME B16.9, and they are available in materials such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel, depending on the application's requirements. However, due to the complex stress distribution at the center of the cross, this fitting is used less frequently compared to tees and elbows and is carefully selected in system designs.